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Thorndike (1911) made attraction central to the definition of reinforcers, Schnierla (1959) held that attraction and repulsion were the only objective empirical terms applicable to all motivated behavior in all animals, and Hull (1943) emphasized the importance of adience toward positive events and abience from negative ones. Pavlov (1955) noted the importance of such attraction in his discussions of the orienting response. This attraction may be inherited by other stimuli that are associated with the primary stimulus such conditioned attractors act as signposts on paths to the primary reinforcers ( Buzsáki, 1982 Killeen, 1989).
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These stimuli are called reinforcers, rewards, or goals. Organisms naturally approach many biologically significant stimuli.
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